Key anatomical landmarks and structures by vertebral level 👩‍⚕️ Take time to memorise this table Cervical vertebrae * C1 (atlas) lacks a spinous process; it only has anterior and posterior arches. * C2 (axis) has a long spinous process and bears the odontoid process (dens). * C3 features a short, bifid spinous process. * C6,

👩‍⚕️ This lesson is long but extremely high–yield. Learn the lesion patterns, muscle actions, and skull foramina cold. 3️⃣ Oculomotor CN III * The oculomotor nerve supplies medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, and levator palpebrae superioris. * It also carries parasympathetic fibres via the ciliary ganglion to the sphincter

👩‍⚕️ Take time to learn these core tumour patterns The most common primary brain tumour in adults is a glioma, specifically astrocytomas, with glioblastoma being the most aggressive type. Glioblastoma multiforme shows central necrosis, ring enhancement, and characteristic cross-midline spread through the corpus callosum — the classic “butterfly glioma.” In children, the

👩‍⚕️ Now we're moving from stroke presentations to classic spinal cord syndromes including: Brown-Séquard syndrome, Horner's syndrome, Cauda Equine syndrome, Anterior Cord syndrome and Cerebellar disease. Brown-Séquard syndrome Brown-Séquard syndrome describes spinal cord hemisection: * Dorsal column જ⁀➴ Ipsilateral 📉 proprioception, vibration, fine touch  * Spinothalamic tract જ⁀➴ Contralateral 📉 pain,

Summary table of reflex arcs Reflex arcsReflex arcs.pdf109 KBdownload-circle Pupillary light reflex pathway 1. Retina detects light 2. Optic CN II 3. Bilateral pretectal nucleus in midbrain 4. Bilateral Edinger-Westphal nuclei 5. Parasympathetic fibres of Oculomotor CN III 6. Ciliary ganglion 7. Short ciliary nerves 8. Sphincter pupillae muscle

👩‍⚕️ For this lesson, again just practice drawing the diagram until you've memorised it. You can look on Google Images of YouTube to get a better idea but it's easier to memorise using a simplified diagram like this. Ventricular system of the brain CSF flow pathway: Lateral

👩‍⚕️ For this lesson, just practice drawing a schematic of the dural venous sinuses until you have memorised it. Schematic of the dural venous sinuses 👩‍⚕️ And now just a couple of quick Q&As. A patient sustains head trauma to the vertex with a depressed skull fracture. Which intracranial structure

👩‍⚕️ Practice drawing and memorise the branches of the subclavian,  external and internal carotid arteries. Branches of the internal carotid artery:  It starts with a few minor (irrelevant for MRCSA) branches - caraticotympanic, vividian, meningohypohyseal, inferolateral - then the main ones are: 1. Ophthalmic artery 2. Posterior communicating artery 3. Anterior

Germ Layers & Vertebral Development * Vertebrae develop from sclerotome, a derivative of the paraxial mesoderm (somites). * Failure of complete formation or segmentation of the sclerotome leads to hemivertebra, an important cause of congenital scoliosis. * Ectoderm forms skin and nervous system structures * Endoderm forms intestinal epithelial linings * Notochord does not form